Headaches: The Leading Cause for Missing School and Work

All of us suffer from an occasional headache; in fact, 20 million Americans see their doctors each year because of headaches. Headaches are also the leading cause for missing school and work in this country. There are many different types of headaches ranging from just ordinary pain, to pain associated with a disorder or serious medical condition. I†d like to discuss the worst type of headache. The type of headache I†d like to discuss, the Migraine, although intense in its pain, is not associated with a medical condition or injury. The Migraine is a recurring throbbing headache, affecting only one side of the head and often accompanied by many symptoms. Although many people use the word â€Å"Migraine† to describe any severe headache, this is not correct. Migraines are a specific headache caused by changes in the blood vessels that supply the brain. Usually, Migraines become less frequent with increasing age and are relatively uncommon after the age of 50. After interviewing my grandmother, who is a special case Migraine sufferer, she told me that her Migraines began when she was seven. Often in school she would have the classic migraine symptoms- she would see only half of her teacher and bright lights and flashes up to 20 minutes before her Migraine began. These symptoms are called auras and once they are gone the Migraine begins. The Migraine itself can lead to vomiting, slurred speech, makes the sufferer sensitive to light and worsens when there is a lot of noise. The mechanism is not completely understood, but many women have their most severe attacks during or just before their menstrual period. This is supposedly due to the hormonal imbalance during that time. So, what can we do to prevent Migraines? Because Migraine headaches can recur for years and medication may lead to side effects and rebound headaches prevention is the key aspect in the management of migraines. Pay close attention to your diet. See if avoiding certain foods can prevent a migraine. The three C†s- Cheese, chocolate and citrus are the most common foods which trigger migraines. I†d like to discuss sleep habits. While it†s important to get enough rest, avoid oversleeping as well. It†s best to go to bed and get up at about the same time each day, since this helps to regulate and stabilize the brain†s important biological clocks. To make up for loss of sleep after a late night, rest or nap later in the day if necessary. Has anyone ever read the ingredients of Excedrin? Well if you have you†d have noticed that Excedrin†s three active ingredients are: Acetaminophen (which is Tylenol), Asprin and surprisingly enough, Caffeine. I remember a day last year around the time that we had finals, when my sister, I†m not just blaming her, it was really her fault, bought these pills named Vivavrin. As soon as I took one of these pills my head began to throb and I, who have a long family history of migraines, received one. Now, if Caffeine triggers Migraines, why would a Migraine medicine contain Caffeine to relieve them? Caffeine is a stimulant and can speed up the heart, raise blood pressure and interfere with relaxation. Caffeine is not a good thing to take when you don†t have a headache. Strangely enough, once a headache has begun, Caffeine can be helpful. This is because Caffeine is an adjuvant- it enhances and quickens the effects of pain medicine. That is why it is added to many over-the-counter medications including Excedrin to treat headache pain. To conclude, a person must pay close attention to his organism. With the first symptoms of a severe headache, it is best to consult a doctor who will conduct tests and establish a valid reason for the pain.

Environmental Dumping Essay

The natural resources that a country controls are integral factors in one’s growth and success. If these natural resources are translated into something useful and are properly appropriated while being maintained in a healthy state, can bring in so much revenues and benefits to a country. Thus, it is of great importance that nation’s leaders take massive measures of protecting the natural resources that their countries possess. More so, international leaders should make it a point that the awareness for harnessing sound environmental policies is being enforced. This however, if not done, might impede the growth not only of a certain country’s national economy, but may turn in international economic losses as well. However, given this considerably enormous importance that the environment plays in a nation’s success, more often than not it is one of the most neglected areas in a country’s development. The past two decades, the calls for environmental justice grew louder and louder. Most of the injustices done against natural resources are mostly hastened by human’s aggressions. In search for various ways of generating economic prosperity, humans, in particular nation’s leaders have overlooked the necessity to maintain proper environmental precautions that shall keep natural resources in a fine state (Adeola, 2000, p. 687). In a globalized world wherein the human consumption is reaching far end level in all countries especially the more advanced ones, international waste dumping poses a great problem. More than the issue of high rate consumption there is, dumping of wastes has been more critical than ever. It reaches far more issues in the aspect of environmental justice and human rights. The issue of environmental justice and human rights are interconnected. Leaders of more advanced and powerful nations have used their superiority to manipulate international policies related to environmental issues in such a way that they get the upper hand and the benefits from the weaker states’ natural resources. In most cases, environmental policies are maneuvered in such a way that it rather serves as genocidal acts to legally drive away minority groups so that their natural resources and lands may be appropriated in accordance to the wants and wishes of wealthy nations (Adeola, 2000, p. 687). Accordingly, given that industrialized nations have a greater share in the world consumption, hence they should be the first entities who are ought to be responsible for cleaning their wastes. But nonetheless, weak nations suffer the blunder of having to become dumpsites for advanced countries against their will. With the fact that advanced countries can manipulate rules to satisfy their needs, weak countries can be legally forced to receive industrial wastes from first world countries (Adeola, 2000, pp. 688-689). Powerful nations have seized the privilege of gaining economic benefits, while they have successfully and painstakingly avoided the responsibility for their own wastes (Adeola, 2000, pp. 688-689). Strong countries would usually use their influence over the international economic arena to forcefully use other countries as dumpsites of the waste generated in industrialized nations. And given that most of the countries worldwide have adhered to the tenets of globalization, most of the poor nations voluntarily submitted to the idea that they have to willfully succumb to the calls of more industrialized nations, thus accepting the idea to serve as industrial dumpsites. Thus giving weak nations the brunt of bearing the dismal effect for their environment and natural resources, that at most times have not been generated int heir countries. Though there are certain conventions/policies which have been set up to control this alarming irresponsible dumping of wastes, still, there are blunders that can be pointed out. In addition to waste dumping, another issue that should worry the international community is the trading of recyclable wastes. Although the Basel Convention is bound to formulate policies geared towards setting a standard on trading of wastes, more often than not, these policies favor richer nations. In effect, the Basel Convention has not been so successful in regulating waste trades. The definitions that it has set out are vague and often do not coincide with the nation’s own set of definitions. For example, a hazardous waste according to the Basel Convention may not be considered hazardous for a particular country, therefore completely not abiding with it. Thus, these inconsistencies make these definitions and policies unfit for use (Alter, 1994, pp. 109-110). In addition, different countries have opposed the Basel Convention to its use arguing that the possible banning of waste trade can harm their economy. Most of the countries, both the developed and developing nations, that halting the trade will serve grave effects on their economy. First, developed nations could lose an ample amount of economic profits if they lose the chance of dumping their wastes on poorer countries. And on the other hand, the claim of less developed nations that they can only afford second hand materials to be used in their industries, rather than generating raw materials of their own which are more extravagant to produce (Alter, 1994, pp. 111-112). Moreover, recent data and statistics are able to show the manner at which waste dumping has been proven to serve distinct harsh effects on the economy, health and well being of the nations that have been brought up to serve as dump sites. This matter has put the issue of social inequity in the light. The problem of the distribution of environmental hazards has been lopsidedly pushed towards the weaker nations, whilst leaving richer nations away from the problem that they have created. Given the ill conditions of their consumption patterns – their poor economic abilities render the people residing in such area the tendency to consume less than the population in rich countries – they bear the brunt of having to accommodate industrial wastes which have been ironically not produced and consumed within their countries (Anderton, 1994, pp. 29-248). Thus, in such matters, cleaning your own mess does not count. Racism and the logic of whoever stays stronger gain the upper hand (Anderton, 1994, pp. 29-248). Thus, the more powerful a state can be, the easier they can get to bend laws against the will of weaker nations and their inhabitants not mindful of the harmful effects it might render them. Much of the contradiction and irony lie in the fact that as much as human beings benefit largely from the blessings that the environment and its natural resources has bestowed upon them, humans are the first to be blamed from the hastening process of its depletion. More than an issue of high consumption in industrialized nations, the powerful leaders of the world have not devised a way towards proper disposal of their wastes. Industrial wastes have been dumped haphazardly, thus contaminating the environment and gravely affect natural resources. Environmental injustice is even more highlighted with the fact that the country who generates more wastes, is generally the country who gets away with it by dumping their wastes somewhere else as a form of a â€Å"recyclable wastes† which in any way generate more environment toxins. In the guise of economic prosperity and austerity measures, environment suffers a lot. Rich countries dump industrial toxins as a form of generating more profit for trading their wastes. While developing and poor countries accept these wastes and use scrap materials because they are cheaper, unmindful of the harmful emissions they may release that can endanger their environment. Thus, though high-end consumption in industrialized countries may pose a threat to the environment, irresponsible dumping of the wastes generated through these consumptions serve more dangerous as the former. And if the international community does not make regulations on proper disposal of these wastes, environment is off to suffer gravely than ever. References Adeola, Francis. January 2000. Cross-National Environmental Injustice and Human Rights Issues. American Behavioral Scientist, Vol. 43 No. 4. Alter, Harvey. August 1994. Controlling International Trade in Wastes. Anderton, Douglas. et al. May 1994. Environmental Equity: The Demographics of Dumping. Demography. Vol. 31, No. 2.

Nursing Implications for Creating and Maintaing a Restraint-Free Unit Research Paper

Nursing Implications for Creating and Maintaing a Restraint-Free Unit Uviversity of Central Florida - Research Paper Example Alternatives to physical and chemical restraints are explored in this research review, as well as the nursing implications for creating and maintaining a unit that is restraint-free. A restraint free environment in the ICU is a situation where there is nothing that restricts the movement of the patient in the ICU. In restraint ICU, the patient is not allowed to make any movements by either controlling them physically with physical devices that limit their movements. Most hospitals today work towards having restraint free environments that would not restrict the movement of patients. To achieve this, nurses have a very important role in the creation and maintenance of the restraint free environments. The philosophy of nurses suggests that nursing includes taking care of someone by showing them love and concern. â€Å"This love and concern must also include the use of professional care for the patient† (Benbenbishty, 2010). When taking care of someone, the nurse has to ensure th at both his and her emotional, physical, and spiritual needs are met. It is also important for a nurse to ensure that while taking care of the patient, they must treat them with respect and dignity and to ensure that their needs and wishes are met. Nurses also have to realize that everyone ages, that aging is a very natural process, and that the old are human beings. This means that every nurse has the responsibility of taking care of the old with respect and not as people who are undergoing both mental and physical deterioration. Nurses also have to ensure that while taking care of a patient, their ultimate aim should be to rehabilitate, and maintain every patient in such a way that they enjoy their daily living in relation to their level of quality of life. It is, therefore, the responsibility of the nurses to ensure that a restraint free environment is created in the ICU. This is because as one patient is restrained, any or all of the above aims may be violated, hence leading to the violation of the nurse’s act. Therefore, nurses have a major role to play in the creation and maintaining of a restraint free ICU. They have to do this so as to fulfill their professional requirements and at the same time to act like human beings and to treat other people not as animals but as fellow humans. Since restraint causes a lot of pain and restrictions to the patient, it should be the main aim of every nurse to do away with it. In the event that the nurses create an environment that is free of any reins taint, then a lot will be achieved. First, the nurses would have fulfilled their career objective of providing an environment that is comfortable and that the wish of the patient can be put into consideration. To achieve this, however, there has to be a lot of increased responsibility on the nurses’ side. First, they have to increase the amount of time that they have to use in taking care of the patient. This also means that since no restriction is availabl e, then nurses have to ensure that they are always there for their patients so that they do not get hurt, especially those who may have some mental problems. Nurses also have to ensure that they closely monitor every patient to know who needs more care. It is also very important that for a free restrain to be effective, nurses have to reduce their level of carelessness and to know the kind of materials that should be kept away from the patient. Even though there is

Determination of principle stress Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Determination of principle stress - Lab Report Example Likewise, the value of normal stress be maximum in another plane. This plane is known as the minimum principle plane or principal plane. The normal stress on the minimum principle plane is referred to as the principle stress (minimum principle stress). Mohr’s circle is graphical technique used to find principle strains and stresses in materials. It also indicates the orientations or principle angles of the principal stresses. This experiment focused on using Mohr’s strain circle to determine the principle directions, principle strains, and maximum strain. The wheat stone bridge for the different channels was set at zero. The torsion rig was loaded with different masses. The masses were used to record the gauge strain readings at different loading levels. The necessary measurements were taken and recorded. From the given experimental readings the Mohr’s circle was drawn and the principle strain, principal direction, and maximum strain determined. The corresponding principle stresses were calculated together with the maximum shear stress through the application of the generalized Hooke’s law. The torsion theory was used in determining the shear stress that acts at the outer radius of the principle stresses and the cross section. Provided the stress componentsï€  Ã¯  ³x, ï  ³y, and ï  ´xy, it was possible to determine the principle stressesï€  Ã¯  ³1, maximum shear stress ï  ´max, the principle angle ï  ±p, and angle ï  ±s. In this regard, the maximum normal stress was found to be 52.5 MPa, minimum normal stress was found to be -18.5 MPa, principle angle 34.2 degrees, Maximum shear stress was 35.5 MPa, Maximum shear angle 10.8 degrees, and angle was 79.2 degrees. The Obtained results show that the shear stress is positive and the normal stress is equally positive. This means that the normal stress is position outside the action plane and the shear stress is rotated clockwise in the point to be considered. Normal stress involves the stress that happens when axial

Crime Punishments in Islam Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Crime Punishments in Islam - Research Paper Example For violators of its sacred rules of conduct, the traditional Islamic law provides a clear message of swift and severe punishment, (for example amputation, death by stoning and beheading) and the lingering fear of eternal damnation through Allah’s almighty power (Miethe and Lu, 163-164). Demystifying ‘Crime’ and ‘Punishment’ in the Islamic Religion When we examine the philological meaning of jinaya (perpetration of a crime), we see that it is derived from the verb jana (to commit a crime, to sin). It is defined as a crime or a sin which, if committed, makes retaliation mandatory for its perpetrator and incurs punishment in this world and in the hereafter. Thus, when it is said ‘jana ala nafsih wa ala ahlih’ (‘he perpetrated a crime against himself and his family’), such an evil is termed as jinaya. Technically, a jinaya is an aggression against a person or his rights, making retaliation or some other form of punishment mandat ory. Philologically, the word uquba (punishment) is a noun derived from the verb aqaba (to punish). It is used when a person incurs a punishment as a result of the sin that he has committed. Uquba is used to define restrictions placed by God in order to restrain men from doing what He has forbidden and to leave what He has asked them to leave (Haleem and Daniels, 29-30). Punishments under Islamic Law Punishment in pre-Islamic Arabia was based primarily on the principle of retaliation (lex talionis). Lacking a state or central authority in nomadic and tribal life to regulate conflict and disputes, punishment for wrongdoing was privately dispensed by the victim and affiliates such as extended family or patron tribes. However, because of the nature of communal life and strong kinship solidarity, there was also collective responsibility for any serious misconduct committed by a clan member (Miethe and Lu, 164). Categories of crime The Muslims categorized crime in several ways. Each cate gory of crime had a prescribed punishment. Crimes were categorized into such forms as adultery and fornication, murder and crimes to do with property and theft. Others are defamation (qadhf), crimes of taking some foods and drinks like wine among others. The distinct classifications are Hudud crimes, Qesas and Tazir. Hudud comprises of theft, adultery and drinking alcohol. Punishments for such crimes were flogging, amputations and stoning among others. Qesas crimes are retaliatory, the family of a murder victim, for instance, may demand compensation. Tazir crimes are less severe; their punishments include confinement, boycott or fines. According to Halim and Daniels, the judge in Islamic Sharia enjoys vast discretionary powers in fixing penalties, their amount, and their enforcement in such a manner that will help and restrain the culprit from the crime. This power does not extend absolutely, and is by no means free of constraints or restrictions. Rather, it is constrained by the ap propriate laws concerning this punishment and its suitability to the crime, the culprit and society, and the extent of the prevalence of crime in this society (Haleem and Daniels, 30). Haleem and Daniels further highlighted the specific punishments meant to deter the culprit and prevent crime. The punishments are imprisonment, banishment and exile from the place of the crime and the city in which it was perpetrated,

Dissertation, Title question - How do managers motivates employees Essay

Dissertation, Title question - How do managers motivates employees - Essay Example The final chapter will be a conclusion chapter which will provide an overview to the dissertation, limitations of the research and further recommendations for research. The aim of this study is to understand the various theories about managing people. The main method of research is a secondary research that will include the various theories developed by scholars over the years. Since the main aim of this dissertation is to understand the various management principles and aspects of managing employees within an organisation, different theories relating to employee motivation as well will be discussed. Human resource is a very essential part of any company and the people within the company play a very important role. Thus understanding how to manage people and the basics of understanding the needs of people at work will help create better and more successful managers. This is worth the study as it allows a clear picture of the various theories and allows a comparison to be made to understand the various aspects of management. Also it does allow making a mix and match to be able to get the best results from all the theories. This study will allow understanding the various theories and using all the positives from each of the theories and leaving out the negative aspects of all the theories. The study is completely based on secondary research and will be done using only the data that is already available. The research is done using the various theories that have already been developed. The analysis of the research is provided in the research analysis chapter. Finally, the conclusions part of the dissertation summarizes the results of the research and also suggests recommendations for further research. This chapter deals with the various literatures that have been developed over the past years. The next section deals with the background, which includes the metaphors of Morgan, for the different ways of looking

Tran Poem essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Tran Poem - Essay Example The research took me to places I haven’t even imagined, and opened a whole new sphere of unexplored miseries of life I wasn’t even aware of. Writing this poem proved to be an enlightening and a life changing experience for me, and as I progressed through the development of the poem new doors kept opening for me giving a new perspective to my life each time I entered another phase of the poem. The poem is thus more than just expressive art for me, rather it`s a smaller part of a bigger evolution that I had gone through ever since. â€Å"Now when I look back†, was the perfect beginning for my poem as I`ve associated a versatile range of feelings and emotions with the bitter experiences, which compel me on looking back towards the hardest time of my life. There are two kinds of encounters that you can never get off your mind, the one which rejoices you to the fullest to the extent that it replenishes your energies and the second which are so hard to take that every second seem to pass like a lifetime. From the stare in people`s eyes to the glare in the children`s sight, everything seemed to rip off a part of my heart. I was the center of attention for every passerby, not in a good way though. There were mixed kinds of expressions that people were exhibiting towards me, which were very hard to explain. I had never in my life experiences the nature of expressive reactions that people were giving which made it even harder to interpret the messages. As I set my steps in the street to start off my day, I was mindful of the fact that I was indeed taking a very bold step which is completely unacceptable to the society. I thought I was ready, though I later realized I wasn’t. When everyone was staring at me, people turning back to have a second look at me and cars literally stopping by with the intent of publically abusing me, I tried to adjust to the changes by explaining myself that this process is necessary to understand the essence of the i ssue. Taking the reaction positively, I tried to continue the activity shifting the focus on my aim for the research instead of the harsh comments being thrown at me. All my efforts for trying to get comfortable were literally going to waste, as every moment was becoming even more difficult for me. While I was caught up in the adjustment phase, a very strange yet disturbing incident occurred to me. A boy almost my age came up to me and told me how I`m a disgrace to the society and how I should rather kill myself for the betterment of the society. I couldn’t take his comments anymore thus I retaliated though it wasn’t something that I was supposed to do during the course of the activity. I cross questioned the boy asking him how my identity was a disgrace to anyone, and how my individuality can be affecting anyone else. His answer was as disturbing as the harshest cut in my heart that only the sharpest knife could leave. He quoted some verse from a theological narration and told me how I had committed a sin in my former life, due to which God had punished me for my sin and I will skink the entire society with the disgust that I carry. I said nothing but walked away silently, and it was the first time in my life that I couldn’t stop my tears. The strength in me was fading away. This experience took my thoughts to many other perspectives of life. I`ve always understood the significance that one`s identity carries but I`ve never thought about those who are

American History Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 13

American History - Assignment Example In fact, tribes such as Shoshones and Nez Perces had agreed to the pact and as a reward, they would receive guns and supplies for it. For Blackfeet Indians, giving guns to their enemies is a direct threat to their might. Soon enough, the discussion soon turned into a blooding fight with 2 Blackfeet warriors killed in the encounter. Since then, Western Indians became hostile towards representatives of the American government. The diary presents the richness and abundance of South Dakota when it comes to natural environment and animal life. In the diary, the Corps of Discovery members informed how they hunt animals such as elk, buffalo, deer, fox, birds, antelope and many more. The group also documented how they were able to encounter places and hills where Indians lived. Clark specifically pointed out that the reason why Indians believe that spirits dwell on the place was because various birds assemble on top of the hill. In the site, it was interesting to learn about Nez Perce Indians who were excellent horsemen. Like their Shoshone neighbors, the Nez Perce were without guns or ammunition. Clark and his troupes described them as â€Å"cheerful and sincere†. Another tribe which caught my interest is the Wala Wala in Washington whose chief welcomed the tribe warmly. Chief Yelleppit enjoyed the prestige of hosting his foreign visitors and sought to trade with them. Before their departure, the chief gave the troupe horses, food, and canoes. There were also celebration and dances before they left the

Violence - video game Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Violence - video game - Essay Example According to Anderson (n.p.), ‘the active role required by video games is a double-edged sword.’ This indicates that while some term video gaming as a quick avenue to increased violence in society, it remains the effective teaching tool in schools and society. Technological advancements have made it possible for learning institutions to use both violent and non-violent video games to pass around useful information that moulds learners into better, creative and active people in society (McLean & Griffiths 121). While parents show aggressive resistance by denying their children access to violent video games, they must understand that the number of children who love video gaming is higher than that of adults. Reports from the Entertainment Software Association affirm that provide children are exposed healthy learning challenges when they play violent video games. Through them, they are in a position to understand and apply rules effectively in real life. In addition, learne rs can best understand real world issues revolving around war, sexual abuse, death, and mechanisms to deal with trauma that comes after such events. Psychologists’ assumption is that violent video games modify human behavior because people tend to adopt skills and act according to what they see and hear. While the assumption is a true material fact, video games only cause health complication for instance depression. Continuous playing deprives human beings a chance to interact and build social networks. However, when people play video games together, they get ample time to interact and socialize. Violent video games can be scary especially to children because of the actions, challenges, and difficulty to win. However, it provides good mechanisms of helping them overcome fear and anxiety. With time, they understand and control their emotions of fear and anxiety. Harvard researchers Lawrence Kutner and Cheryl Olson argued that, ‘playing

Victors and Victims Essay Example for Free

Victors and Victims Essay â€Å"The Story of an Hour† is an English short story written by Kate Chopin. Chopin was widely recognized as one of the leading writers of her time and she is now considered by some to have forerunner of feminist authors of the 20th century. The second short story entitled â€Å"Clever Manka† which is written in Czechoslovakian language and translated in to English. Although it is anonymous, â€Å"Clever Manka† is a very important short story and the fact that it remains indicates that it has affected many people at different times. The both short stories have two completely different structures. The writer of â€Å"Clever Manka† used the expository method as the events starts from the very beginning, when the situation was stable and he introduces the characters, and then going up in the events. Opposite to â€Å"The story of an Hour†, it begins in the middle of the events. Then we have flash-back technique through which we know of all the events that happen before. Look more:  the story of an hour literary analysis essay â€Å"Clever Manka† and â€Å"The Story of an Hour† are alike in that they both have women as protagonist and they both involve a husband and a wife. They show how marriage could be the end of a women life or a beginning. Also, they show how women differently deal with life. The great difference is due to the different time and culture. â€Å"Clever Manka† which in Czechoslovakian culture proves women at that time were highly considered, appreciated, have rights. While, in â€Å"The Story of an Hour† shows how women were deprived, denied, devoiced, they weren’t offered a lot of opportunities such as men and they didn’t inherit money as all the money they get goes to either their husbands or any male member in the family. â€Å"The Story of an Hour† shows that marriage at that time was based on monetary comfort and social status. That leads to unhappy marriage and miserable life to the extent that a person might feel happy and free when his partner is  dead, as Mrs. Mallard felt when she heard that Mr. Mallard was dead. In â€Å"Clever Manka†, marriage is based on dual love and women’s desire is appreciated. We encounter two completely different women. The protagonist of â€Å"Clever Manka† her name is Manka and the protagonist of â€Å"The Story of an Hour† is Mrs. Mallard. They are different in many aspects even physically. The writer describes Mrs. Mallard as being afflicted with a heart trouble which shows that she is a sick and weak person, while Manka is young, clever and strong person. The title of Mrs. Mallard indicated that she was affiliated to her husband and she lost her identity. Her first name â€Å"Louise† is only mentioned after she heard of her husband’s death and when she felt free. Opposite to â€Å"Clever Manka† as Manka is called by her own name allover the story even after she was married. She is independent and wasn’t affiliated to either her father or her husband. Also, men characters in the two short stories are opposite. Men in â€Å"Clever Manka† are represented by the burgomaster who is very young and not-experienced and the farmer. They are incapable of facing any challenge as the burgomaster can’t solve the problem of the farmer and the shepherd, so he put them a riddle which the farmer can’t solve. On the other hand, in â€Å"The Story of an Hour†, we encounter Mr. Mallard who is completely opposite to the male characters in â€Å"Clever Manka† as he was very domineering character. He has always made decisions for Louise and lived her life for her. Men in both short stories tried to bend their wives’ will. In â€Å"Clever Manka†, the burgomaster started his life with Manka Trying to force limitations on her cleverness which indicates that he was afraid of her cleverness and afraid it will highlight his being not-experienced. As well as â€Å"The Story of an Hour†, it is obvious that Mr. Mallard was a domineering character and tried to bend louise’ will. Women’s response to their husband’s control and domination differs in the two short stories. In â€Å"Clever Manka†, when Manka interferes in the burgomaster’s business, it was out of inner feeling of shame and injustice because of her husband decision. She couldn’t stand helpless when she realized how inexperienced he was. This means that the precondition he put for her couldn’t bend her will. That shows that Manka didn’t surrender despite of the precondition that might destroy her life. In â€Å"The Story of an Hour†, Mrs. Mallard ability to resist the suppression practiced upon her was very little and short. She gave her husband the chance to have the upper hand in her life. The person is the one who decides whether he wants to live freely or not. If he wants to, he will not surrender to any person or under any condition. The pressure practicing on women would lead to one of two; either the woman will resist and become a victor, or easily surrender and become a victim.

Relevance of the postal rule of acceptance

Relevance of the postal rule of acceptance Write an assignment on the rationale relevance of the postal rule of acceptance in the 21st century by analyzing the possibility of acceptance by post according to the current practice. A formation of a contract requires an agreement, it follows that, in order for such agreement to be reached, there must be an offer made by one party which is accepted by the other. An acceptance is that, a final and unqualified expression of assent to the terms of an offer. To discover whether an agreement has been reached under a classical contract theory, an acceptance which matches the offer that has been made is required. In regards to an acceptance, the mode or communication of an acceptance can be broken down into a various components depending on the circumstances. An acceptance can be made or communicated through conduct, silence, private courier, internet transaction, electronic communication and last but not least, by post. In this modern world, communication can take in many forms. That being said there might be delayed in between the sending of an acceptance. The rule applied here is that no communication is effective until it is received and understood by the person to whom it is addressed. This however, does not apply to the postal rule. The postal rule is an exception to the general rule an acceptance must come to the attention of the offeror. Basically, this rule can be defined as a rule of contract of law that makes an exception to the general rule and the principle stated was that, a contract is formed as soon as the letter of acceptance is posted, rather than when they are communicated. The rule is designed to remove uncertainty from the contract formation process. It provides the offeree with confidence that an acceptance once posted will be effective, even if the postal system delays delivery of the acceptance beyond the offer date. The main reason for this rule is historical, at the the tim e when postage of a letter is slower and less reliable than it is today, in the 21st century. In the practical implication of the postal rule today, it is easier to prove that a letter of acceptance has been sent than to prove whether it has been received or reached the attention of the offeror. The postal rule was established around the 19th century, as can be seen in the case of Adam v Lindsell. The fact of the case in brief; the defendant sent a letter to the plaintiff offering wool for sale, and asking for a reply in course of post. The letter than was misdirected by the defendant, and arrived later than it would have been. The plaintiff replied at once accepting, but the defendant, having decided that because of the delay the plaintiff were not going to accept, had already sold the wool elsewhere. The plaintiff then sued for breach of contract. The court held that to require a posted acceptance to arrive at its destination before it could be effective would be impractical and inefficient. It would be much better if, as soon as the letter of acceptance is posted, the acceptor could proceed on the basis that a contract had been made, and then take action accordingly. The plaintiff therefore succeeded: the defendant was in breach of contract. The offeror, to have a change in mind or a withdrawal of the offer, or made an offer with someone else is possible but nevertheless, the court looked into the conduct business would be better served by giving the offeree certainty, thus the postal rule was created. In addition, acceptance is also effective on posting, even when the letter is lost in the post. It does not matter that the letter is delayed in post, the offeror is still bound. In this case, Mr. Grant applied for shares in the Household Fire and Carriage Accident Insurance Company. A letter of allotment then was posted to the defendant, but it never reached him. When the company went bankrupt, Mr. Grant was sued for the outstanding payments on the shares, the issue here was, whether Mr. Grants offer for shares had been validly accepted, and whether there was a binding contract for him to settle the payment. It was held that there was a valid contract, because the rule for the post is that acceptance is effective even if the letter never arrives. There is difference between acceptance and revocation of an offer by post. Acceptance of an offer takes place when a letter is posted while revocation of an offer takes place when the letter is received. (Facts: Defendants mailed offer to sell tin plates to Plaintiffs on October 1. Offer was received by Plaintiffs on October 11 and immediately accepted via telegram on the same day; acceptance was subsequently confirmed by Plaintiffs by letter on October 15. Defendant mailed a revocation of offer on October 8, which was received by Plaintiffs on October 20, after Plaintiffs had already made assurances to sell the tin plates to another party. Plaintiffs brought action against Defendant for breach of contract and failure to deliver.) However, there are some limitations to the postal rule. First, it can only apply to acceptances and not to any other type of communication for example an offer or a revocation. Second, it only applies to letters and telegrams. It does not apply to instantaneous methods of communication such as telex or probably, fax or email. Besides that, it must also be reasonable to use the post as the means of communication, for example, an offer by telephone or by fax might indicate that a rapid method of response was required. Moreover, letters of acceptance must be properly addressed and stamped. Lastly, the rule is easily displaced, for example, it may be excluded by the offeror either expressly or impliedly. In Holwell Securities Ltd v Hughes, it was excluded by the offeror requiring notice in writing. It was also suggested by the court that the postal rule would not be used where it would lead to manifest inconvenience. The question should ask in this circumstances is can a letter of acceptance be cancelled by actual communication before the letter is delivered? There is no direct English authority on this point. The argument against is because once a letter is posted, the offer is consider accepted and there is no provision in law for revoking an acceptance. This point is supported by the New Zealand case of Wenckheim v Arndt and the South African case of A to Z Bazaars (Pty) Ltd v Minister of Agriculture (1974). Cheshire argues that it would be unfair to the offeror, who would be bound as soon as the letter was posted, whereas the orreree could keep his options open. On the other hand, the argument for in this question is because there is some support for allowing recall in the Scottish case of Dunmore v Alexander (1830). It is argued that actual prior communication of rejection would not necessarily prejudice the offerror, who, by definition will be unaware of the acceptance. It is also argued th at it would be absurd to insist on enforcing a contract when both parties have acted on the recall. This however, could be interpreted as an agreement to discharge. On the other hand, however, in the modern age of the 21st century, without further explanation, the technology is beyond our imagination. The mode of forming a contract, say, for example, an offer, acceptance and the invitation to treat are technically relying on the electronic communication. The infamous mode of an acceptance in the world today the email, can be made by a simple click. An electronic mail is often being seen as a digital necessity of the postal system, of course, in the modern age. Therefore, the postal rule can apply to the acceptance sent by the mail. Although it is generally accepted that postal communications sent via the Royal Mail do benefit from the rule, other methods of accepting does not benefit from the rule. However, to determine whether a postal rule is applicable to the acceptance by mail, some methods of communication benefit from the rule or not needs to be ascertained. The still ongoing argument is that the postal rule only applies when the offer co ntemplates acceptance by non-instantaneous means of communication. In conclusion, and increased reliance on electronic communications, it is perhaps time the postal rule was restated for the 21st century. A possible reformulation would focus on the non-instantaneous nature of communications which benefit from the rule. Perhaps the new rule should state that, where an offer contemplates acceptance by a non-immediate form of communication, that acceptance is effective from the time it leaves the acceptors control. Such a definition would remove the need for a trusted third party and would encompass all non-instantaneous methods of communication (including those not yet invented). It does though require that methods of communication can be split into immediate and non-immediate, a distinction that may become blurred with future technological advances.

The Physics of an AM Radio Receiver :: Radio Technology Electronics Essays

The Physics of an AM Radio Receiver The AM Radio has been around for a long time. When the AM radio was first invented, it was not meant to be used to broadcast music. That is why today most music radio stations are on the FM band. Instead, the AM band was used to carry voice frequencies, thus, all the AM talk radio stations. Due to new technology, music is broadcast over the AM band but does not have the same sound quality as the FM band. According to the FCC regulations at www.fcc.gov, the AM broadcasters are only allowed 5 KHz each side of their carrier frequency for their side bands. These side bands will be explained in more detail later on. In order to understand an AM receiver, one must understand each stage and what it does. An AM receiver can be broken down into six stages. These stages will be explained one at a time. The first stage is the RF amplifier. The AM antenna runs into the RF amp where the desired frequency is selected. As stated by Grob (1997), the typical band for AM is 535 Hz to 1605 KHz. For the duration of the paper, we will assume that we are trying to receive a station that is located on 1290 KHz signal. The antenna used must be able to pick up all the stations on the AM dial. Knowing this, we need to select the one we want to hear. In this case, we want 1290 KHz or The Country KOWW. When the dial on the radio is turned to select 1290 KHz, it does two things. There are two variable capacitors The Physics of an AM Radio Receiver being adjusted. I will begin by discussing the first capacitor. This capacitor is connected in parallel with an inductor. While the capacitance changes as the dial is turned, the resonant frequency of the LC circuit also changes. This process is called inductor and capacitor in parallel. When the capacitor is in just the right spot, the resonant frequency will be 1290 KHz. This LC circuit is designed so that only the resonant frequency is passed. The 1290 KHz will now be passed on to the next stage and all other frequencies will be filtered out. The RF amp must also have good sensitivity, which according to Scott Rasmussen (2003), is the ability to amplify a very weak signal.

The Rationality of Probabilities for Actions in Decision Theory Essays

The Rationality of Probabilities for Actions in Decision Theory ABSTRACT: Spohn's decision model, an advancement of Fishburn's theory, is valuable for making explicit the principle used also by other thinkers that 'any adequate quantitative decision model must not explicitly or implicitly contain any subjective probabilities for acts.' This principle is not used in the decision theories of Jeffrey or of Luce and Krantz. According to Spohn, this principle is important because it has effects on the term of action, on Newcomb's problem, and on the theory of causality and the freedom of the will. On the one hand, I will argue against Spohn with Jeffrey that the principle has to be given up. On the other, I will try to argue against Jeffrey that the decision-maker ascribes subjective probabilities to actions on the condition of the given decision situation. Spohn's (1977, 1978) decision model, an advancement of Fishburn's theory (1964), is valuable for making explicit a principle which is used by Savage (1954/1972) and Fishburn (1964). The principle is the following: "Any adequate quantitative decision model must not explicitly or implicitly contain any subjective probabilites for acts." (1) (Spohn 1977, p. 114) This principle is not used in the decision theories of Jeffrey (1965, 1983) and of Luce and Krantz (1971). According to Spohn (1977) this principle is important, because it has implications for the concept of action, Newcomb's problem, theory of causality and freedom of will. On the one hand I will try to argue against Spohn (1977, 1978) with Jeffrey (1965, 1968, 1977, 1983) that the principle has to be given up. On the other hand I will try to argue against Jeffrey (1965, 1968, 1977, 1983) that the decision-maker ascri... ..., I. (1982), "A Note on Newcombmania", The Journal of Philosophy 79: 337-342. Lewis, D. (1981), "Causal Decision Theory", Australasian Journal of Philosophy 59: 5-30. Luce, R. D. and Krantz, D. H. (1971), "Conditional Expected Utility", Econometrica 39: 253-271. Nozick, R. (1969), "Newcomb's Problem and Two Principles of Choice", in N. Rescher et al. (eds.), Essays in Honor of Carl G. Hempel, Reidel, Dordrecht: 114-146. Savage, L. J. (1954/1972), "The Foundations of Statistics", Wiley, New York, Dover. Skyrms, B. (1980), "Causal Necessity", Yale University Press, New Haven, London. Spohn, W. (1977), "Where Luce and Krantz Do Really Generalize Savage's Decision Model", Erkenntnis 11: 113-134. Spohn, W. (1978), "Grundlagen der Entscheidungstheorie", Monographien: Wissenschaftstheorie und Grundlagenforschung vol. 8, Scriptor Verlag, Kronberg/Ts.

Business Presentation :: GCSE Business Marketing Coursework

Business Presentation Techniques for a Perfect Business Presentation Technicalities are all too often to blame for miscues and failures in today’s Business world. How often do you hear about some on not getting a Job because there was a technicality problem with his or her resume? Unfortunately it happens all the time. I plan on presenting the skills and knowledge from start to finish for a perfect business presentation. Listening is not a skill that most people perform well; on average a person listens at only 25% efficiency (Curtis, 1997), making listening even more important to develop this skill. As human interaction goes, listening is the most important skill in communication. So many opportunities are lost by poor listening skills, not to mention losing valuable time. The importance of listening is immeasurable. Listening is a heavy element of communication, speaking well is not worth anything unless the receiver in a conversation listens just as well. Listening is basically a form of comprehension, if you do not listen than you cannot comprehend what is being said. According to a study by J.D. Johnson (1971) found that listening affects the understanding of a problem, the retention and attention of an individual, and the overall moral of the group (p. 297). As a consequence a good listener has more confidence and is able to have a vision of self-promotion. This is especially important in a job interview, and creates a more positive social environment for ones self. People are always more re4spected when they listen and demonstrate a good attention span. Listening habits are gradually and naturally inhibited over our entire lives. According to Curtis (1997) however, most of these acquired listening habits are undesirable (p. 64). They are generally described as second nature, or performed with out thought of even doing so. Nevertheless, they can be overcome by observing the common causes of such ineffective listening. These causes are: Talking rather than Listening, The entertainment syndrome, giving into bias, Uncritical listening, Giving into distractions, fear of difficult material. Most of these are self-explainable, but some are not. The entertainment syndrome for example is a significant one. It includes the basic need for people to be entertained. If such a speaker does not entertain it is easy for us not to give him or her our attention (Curtis 1997).

Freud and Jung: Early Psychoanalytic Theories Essay

Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung were two influential theorists in psychology (Nystul, M. , 2005). Freud was considered the father of psychology and believed that human behavior was the result of unconscious conflict deep in the mind of individuals (Nystul, M. , 2005). Jung’s theory developed directly out of Freud’s psychoanalytic approach; however he refuted several of Freud’s key points and placed an even greater emphasis on the unconscious. Freud and Jung were the key figures of the psychoanalytic approach to psychology; however their theories differed on several key points (Nystul, M. , 2005). Freud’s psychoanalytic theory was the seed for many subsequent theorists’ work. His main assertion was that human behavior and personality derived from the unconscious conflict that arose in individuals’ unconscious (Fayek, 2005). He postulated that the unconscious was a combination of the id, which was the primal drive for all human needs (e. g. , sex, hunger), the superego, which could be likened to the internalization of societal values and standards (e. g. , the conscience), and the moderating ego that was the rational part of thought that controlled the impulses of the id and superego. Anxiety arose when individuals were confronted with fears of danger within reality (Shill, 2004). Neurotic anxiety occurred when individuals were confronted with dangers that arose in childhood, and can be connected to his five stages of psychosexual development, where personality developed. The five stages of psychosexual development were connected to erogenous zones that children were fixated on until their needs were met and were able to move on developmentally. The five stages include oral, anal, phallic, and genital stages of development. The id relied on the stimulation of these zones until the child would move into the next developmental stage. If an individual were unable to move into the next stage, then they would fixate into that particular stage, and this could mediate personality development (Garcia, 1995). For instance, adults that had not moved on through the anal stage of psychosexual development are representative of type-A personalities such that they are characterized as uptight, as children are as they are focused upon controlling potty training and bowel movements between ages one and three. Furthermore, Freud’s theory was focused on sexual issues and conflict. For instance, he developed the Electra complex and Oedipus complex such that girls became jealous of their mothers as they competed for their father’s sexual attention. Similarly, boys became jealous of their fathers through penis envy as they sought the sexual attention of their mothers and secretly wanted to kill their fathers (Garcia, 1995). Freud used assessment methods to probe the unconscious of his patients. He believed that the unconscious used several techniques to keep conflicts in the unconscious and used methods to tap into his patients’ unconscious through psychoanalytic therapy. For instance, he developed free association where patients said whatever came to their minds, similar to a verbal daydream (Macmillian, 2001). This helped patients to recall events that had been suppressed and so they could achieve catharsis in order to relieve their disturbing symptoms. Freud also used hypnosis in his early therapy sessions. Moreover, Freud conducted dream analysis where he would interpret dreams in order to tap into the unconscious on an individual dream by dream basis (Schept, 2007). The unconscious was also a main point of interest in Jung’s psychoanalytic approach to psychology. However, Jung disagreed with Freud on three main points (Bergmann, 2008). First, Jung refuted the main importance of sexual anxiety in his theory. Instead, Jung stressed that sexual stress was more of a generalized aspect that impacted a psychic energy of a person but included other aspects. Second, Jung believed that individuals were impacted by past and future events, while Freud postulated that individuals were impacted solely by events in an individual’s life. Finally, Jung placed a greater importance on the unconscious and developed the idea of the collective unconscious that was retrospective and prospective. Jung developed the idea of the collective unconscious and expanded the idea of the unconscious itself (Leader, 2009). He believed that there was an aspect of the unconscious that included all of the past experiences of humankind. He believed that this information was passed down generation by generation as an accumulation of human and prehuman experiences that helps the species to develop as a whole. He also believed that all individuals have a personal unconscious that contains information that was once known but has been suppressed because it was too painful to remember. Within the collective unconscious, there were a series of archetypes or sets of universal experiences within the collective unconscious. For example, there was the persona archetype that is a mask that an individual present to others during interactions in order to hide the true self from others. The darkest archetype was the shadow archetype that included the evils that human beings are responsible for. Other archetypes include the anima, animus, and self archetypes. Jung also believed that personality was the response of psychological types that were based on the attitudes and functions of individuals (Dolliver, 1994). These types included the extraverted (viz. , thinking, feeling, sensing, intuiting) and introverted (viz. , thinking, feeling, sensing, intuiting). Depending upon type, individuals behaved and interacted differently with others and the environment. These eight psychological types may be likened to an early version of trait theory and other later personality theories. Moreover, Jung believed that personality developed throughout the lifetime, and individuals’ personalities did not appear as a result from unresolved conflict in childhood as Freud believed. Instead, individuals were continuously moving toward self-realization and individuation, which makes Jung’s psychoanalytic approach more uplifting in comparison to Freud’s more pessimistic view of human development (Leader, 2009). Jung’s assessment practices were similar but differed from Freud’s methods. First, Jung used a word-association test such that patients would respond to a word that the therapist said with the first word that came to their mind (Jung, 1907). This helped to tap into complexes of his patients. He also used symptom analysis to interpret the free associations that patients made. Similar to Freud, Jung used a dream analysis technique but he worked with a series to dreams instead of singular dreams as Freud did to develop a thematic interpretation based upon free response (Schept, 2007). While both Freud and Jung’s theories led to the development of psychology as a scientific field, neither of these theories was based directly upon systematic experimentation. Instead, these psychoanalytic theories were based upon case studies of individual clients (Thompson, 2002). Patient interviews were not recorded verbatim, and were based upon a small number of patients. While the reliability of theory development was not optimal for generalization to society as a whole, these early ideas and theories helped modern scientists develop research questions that have been tested through empirical research methods, and have led to the development of more modern theories of behavior and personality. Without the early contributions of Freud and Jung, the face of psychology may look very different today. References Bergmann, M. S. (2008). Freud/Jung: Enlightenment, romanticism, and the irrational. Issues in pyhoanalytic Psychology, 30 (1), 43-58. Dolliver, R. H. (1994). Classifying the personality theories and personalities of Adler, Freud, and Jung with introversion/extraversion. Individual Psychology: Journal of Alderian Theory, Research & Practice, 50 (2), 192-202. Fayek, A. (2005). The centrality of the system Ucs in the theory of psychanalysis: the nonrepressed unconscious. Psychanalytic Psychology, 22 (4), 524-543. Garcia, J. L. (1995). Freud’s psychosexual stage conception: A developmental metaphor for counselors. Journal of Counseling & Development, 73 (5), 498-502. Jung, C. (1907). On psychophysical relations of the associative experiment. The Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 1 (6), 247-255. Leader, C. (2009). The odyssey: A Jungian perspective: Individuation and meeting with aechetypes of the collective unconscious. British Journal of Psychotherapy, 25 (4), 506-519. Macmillian, M. (2001). The reliability and validity of Freud’s methods of free association and interpretation. Psychological Inquiry, 12 (3), 167-175. Nystul, M. S. (2005) Introduction to Counseling: an Art and Science Perspective (3rd edition) New York: Pearson Schept, S. (2007). Jacob’s dream of a ladder: Freudian and Jungian perspectives. Psychological Perspectives, 50 (1), 113-121. Shill, M. A. (2004). Signal anxiety, defense, and the pleasure porinciple. Psychoanalytic Psychology, 21 (1), 116-133. Thompson, P. (2002). The ecological imagination. European Journal of Psychotherapy, 5 (1), 71-85.

Choose college

Why did you choose to enroll In college and pursue your particular program of study? I decided to return to college to pursue my career as a dental assistant and have an improvement in my education. It seemed to be a step closer to achieving my professional and personal goals. Another reason was that I wanted to have a better education than Just a high school diploma. My ultimate goal is to be a provider and role model for my daughter Isabella.My next goal is to be dependent and to help my family financially. I know that when I finish my career I will have many more Job opportunities that I have now. My main reason for wanting to go to college is that I wanted to have a better life. I wasted a lot of time without studying anything, it was time for a major change. Not only made the decision to return to college for myself but also for my daughter Isabella, she deserves a better life. I'm tired of living paycheck to paycheck, Just making the minimum.Not everyone can go to college to de ter themselves, I am fortunate to have this opportunity to be a better person. Another reason why I decided to study in college is because my recent experience of finding a good Job, they only take seriously people, who have a college degree. I do not want to be working in restaurants as a waitress or other similar work, and barely having enough money to help my family financially. Getting my degree in Dental Assistant would greatly help to get a Job that I really like and have the desire to go every day.This decision to return to college was the best decision I have made in all time. I know it's a hard worktop achieve my goal, but with dedication I'll make it. So far, I like college. At the end of everything really will be worth it and I will become the person who I want to be. Choose college By Julia Why did you choose to enroll in college and pursue your particular program of study? But also for my daughter Isabella, she deserves a better life. I'm tired of living time. I know it 's a hard work to achieve my goal, but with dedication I'll make it. So

50/50 Movie Review Essay

When we first saw the trailer for the film 50/50 starring Joseph Gordon Levitt and Seth Rogan, we knew this was a must-see. The film’s rough story of a 20-something year old battling with â€Å"stage five back cancer† taught us that life is too short to sweat the small stuff. People go through tragic battles like disease and the possibility of dying when all we do is find ourselves complaining about small, narrow problems in life. Adam demonstrated true optimism and showed the audience that accepting an issue is one of the biggest hurdles, but once it is accepted, anything can be taken on head-first. 0/50 is the story of how life can be taken on as â€Å"glass half empty† or â€Å"glass half full. † Throughout the film, Adam had many disappointments like his long-term girlfriend cheating on him. His mother’s overbearing attitudes were to drive anyone crazy. His father was even battling Alzheimer’s disease. Yet he pushed past all those downfalls and began therapy with talented actress Anna Kendrick (Katherine). At first he thought the idea of therapy wouldn’t help him. As he started opening up, he realized that Katherine was there for him, acting as a good friend and therapist. Even though he was at first reluctant, he realized that there were good people out there in the world that truly care for him and his well being. The night before his major surgery, Adam had a mental breakdown in his car. He realized that he didn’t want to die this young. With the help of Katherine and his best friend Kyle, he got the support that he was looking for. In the scene where he was about to go in to surgery, I was terrified for him. Seeing him cry like that made me realize that I should never take anyone or the simple pleasures of life for granted. Some people do not get the choice to live a full life, and I find myself constantly worrying about small, trivial, and unimportant things. This film was an emotional roller coaster. Although we all could not stop laughing at Kyle (played by Seth Rogan) and Adam’s witty humor, some of us have also never cried that hard in a movie theater. This film taught us that we need to appreciate all the people that are in our lives and appreciate all the sacrifices that they make for us. We need to laugh more. We need to let people know that we appreciate all the things they go out of their way to do for us. We need to realize that life really is beautiful and not all people are selfish as they seem to be. We also need to stop worrying so much. We need to appreciate life’s beauty and all the wonderful things people can offer us. This film was top-notch and would recommend anyone to go see this flick, male or female.

Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Essay

Lab 2.1 Exercise 2.1.1 All these elements are necessary because each allows the other to function and do its job. Without Media the signal cannot transmit. Without Interface the computer cannot access the Media. Without the signal the electricity or copper wires cannot transmit information. Without Pattern there would be no established format for the signals. And timing lets the devices know when the pattern starts and ends. Exercise 2.1.2 Almost all networks in use today are based in some fashion on the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) standard. The core of this standard is the OSI Reference Model, a set of seven layers that define the different stages that data must go through to travel from one device to another over a network. But the OSI is just a guideline. Exercise 2.1.3 The other networking services are: RIP Listener Simple TCP/IP Services UPnP User Interface Exercise 2.1.4 Wi-Fi wireless networks support ad hoc connections between devices. Ad hoc Wi-Fi networks are pure peer to peer compared to those utilizing wireless routers as an intermediate device. Exercise 2.1.5 Lab 2.1 Review 1) A peripheral device is an internal or external device that connects directly to a computer but does not contribute to the computer’s primary function. It helps access and use the functionalities of a computer. (ex. Mouse, flash drive, printer) Network devices are components used to connect computers or other electronic devices together so that they can share files or resources. (ex. Router, dsl filter, Ethernet cable) 2) The fewer amount of connections the fast the connection speed with the current connections. 3) A peer-to-peer (P2P) network is created when two or more PCs are connected and share resources without going through a separate server computer. Benefits: 1) It is easy to install and so is the configuration of computers on this network. 2) All the resources and contents are shared by all the peers, unlike server-client architecture where Server shares all the contents and resources. 3) P2P is more reliable as central dependency is eliminated. Failure of one peer doesn’t affect the functioning of other peers. In case of Client –Server network, if server goes down whole network gets affected. 4) There is no need for full-time System Administrator. Every user is the administrator of his machine. User can control their shared resources.

The effecst and changes in parenting of Asian families after Essay

The effecst and changes in parenting of Asian families after immigration to Western societies - Essay Example If the perceptions of parents and children are dissonant and based on lived historical experience or current realities, then their ability to manage the stresses of forced migration will be diminished even further. If the perceptions of each generation can be made more congruent, then it is likely that both parents and their children will see each other as resources rather than as additional stressors. To understand this problem, Asian parenting styles and characteristics need to be studied. Warmth and dominating control offer two important dimensions of parental style that may be universal, and against which the meaning of specific practices might be elucidated. The use of these styles as touchstones was an important strategy which can be used in understanding data from new western cultures. Immigration of Asian families to Western Societies usually involves major changes in parent–child relationships. The results of some studies have shown that the relations between immigrant parents and their children are vulnerable to the risks commonly associated with immigration, especially during the adolescent years (Nguyen & Williams, 1988). On the one hand, during adolescence, children become more cognitively sophisticated and think differently about what their parents can and cannot control in their lives. This developmental shift is compounded by the process of acculturation for immigrant adolescents, making them more likely to downplay their parents’ values and modes of behavior and adopt values and modes of behavior from the new society. Immigrant parents, on the other hand, may resist change in their traditional values. Some scholars suggest that despite years of living in the country of resettlement, many immigrant parents preserve their ideas about child-rearing, their expectations, norms, rules, and beliefs (Nguyen & Williams, 1988). The research findings suggest that family values that center around household chores,

The Space Shuttle Challenger Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Space Shuttle Challenger - Personal Statement Example Seven occupants died innocently in the incidence that occurred on 28th January 1986. That was tragic, putting accountability and integrity of the designers into question. The scientists, having been warned of the danger that lay in wait if they opted to carry on with the launch questions their credibility and concern for humanity. It was evident that they cared little about the safety of the crew, and their anxiety to make headlines for launching the much talked about the space shuttle. There had been early warnings of the dangers that lay ahead if the idea was carried out. The space shuttle had structural failures, with an expert raising a rather worrying alarm concern. The O-rings of the shuttle could only survive temperatures at only 40 degrees. Any temperatures below that, safety and survival of the shuttle were not guaranteed. On the morning of the launch, the temperatures were as low as 18 degrees. The expert termed the idea of launching the shuttle on such a day as absurd and ridiculous. It was bound to explode anyway. This raises a rather disturbing question, why the ignorance by the scientists? Why were they so eager to launch the shuttle? The incidence calls for personal accountability of all parties involved in the success of any project. Every party ought to play its part in the project, making sure that nothing goes wrong during the whole project. Team spirit is portrayed by this incidence, where it is the responsibility of every member of the group to play their individual roles for the success of the project. If there is no proper articulation of ideas and thoughts, if there are flaws in one section of the implementing group, the project is likely to be a total failure, just like the space shuttle incidence. The importance of other team players exhibiting accountability and diligence in their work is a clear indication of their readiness to protect the end user of the product in question.  

Health professional Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Health professional - Research Paper Example The argument that has come to light in relationship to this dual role assumption has been whether or not effective treatment can be given by those who are assuming administrative roles and whether or not administrative roles are being properly attended when the needs of patients are also the responsibility of the care giver. The loss of medical professionals to the administrative side of medical practice may constitute a loss, but the need for quality policy decisions provides for the hope that in losing medical professionals to administration, the overall profession will thrive. While the distance that is created by fulfilling an administrative position may sever empathy, an effort to continue connecting to patients can help to create good decision making experiences. Since the year 2000 the medical field has experienced rapid changes in relationship to the demanding expectations for professional medical personnel to take on deeper and more integral roles in administration (Williams & Torrens, 2008). Dual roles have meant that health care professionals have had to assume the duties of administration while continuing to treat patients. This means expertise in both administrative roles and the role of health care provider must be gained to be an effective part of the medical field. The argument that has come to light in relationship to this dual role assumption has been whether or not effective treatment can be given by those who are assuming administrative roles and whether or not administrative roles are being properly attended when the needs of patients are also the responsibility of the care giver (Williams & Torrens, 2008). In addition, medical professionals are also becoming a part of healthcare policy decisions which brings into question if there is a conflict of interest between the needs of the medical profession with the needs of the public where policy is concerned (Williams & Torrens, 2008). At

Calculus Concepts Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Calculus Concepts - Assignment Example For instance, a function y +3x +2 = 0 is expressed with both dependent and independent variables. Although implicit functions can be converted to explicit functions, it may result to a complex function which may be hard to solve. Implicit differentiation is useful in differentiating implicit functions (functions not in the form y = f(x)). Given a function say , implicit differentiation demands we differentiate all elements of the equation with respect to x, even y variables but not treating y as a constant. This would give: In the second education, all functions of y are differentiated using chain rule where . Once the differential is performed is made the subject of the formula. Implicit differentiation is useful in performing implicit functions. Instead of putting y the subject of the formula and making the function a complex one, implicit differentiation assists in simplifying implicit functions. Logarithmic functions are useful in solving differential problems that involve complex product or quotient rule. In logarithmic differentiation, the function is expressed in the form of the natural logarithm, and it is implicitly differentiated. Given a function with a lengthy product that would give a huge sum while using the product rule, logarithmic differentiation comes in handy. For instance; One of the applications of Calculus is in curve sketching. Curve sketching involves using specific values of functions to estimate its structure. In curve sketching, we have the absolute maximum and a local maximum. The main difference between the two is that the absolute maximum is the maximum value of the function that takes over the whole domain. This means that in a given range, the absolute maximum is the largest value of the function obtained by performing a differentiation of the functions and equating it to zero. On the other hand, the local maximum is the largest value of the functions on a given section but not on the entire domain. The given image below

Should the EU be involved in a battle against the piracy problem in Essay

Should the EU be involved in a battle against the piracy problem in Somalia - Essay Example Even though only a political settlement in Somalia can bring a long-term resolution to this issue, the measures taken by the international community can significantly improve the situation (Middleton 10). The European Union Naval Force Somalia-Operation ATALANTA, launched by the European Council on the 8 of December 2008, aims to deter, prevent and repress acts of piracy and armed robbery off the Somali coast, and is a part of the global action conducted by the EU to deal with the Somali crisis (â€Å"Mission† 1). This operation has several benefits both for Somalia and for international entities affected by the issue of piracy. To start with, operation ATALANTA helps to protect vessels of the World Food Programme (WFP), which deliver food aid to displaced people in Somalia. Since the EU naval escorts for WFP ships began in November 2007, not a single pirate attack on a ship carrying WFP food has been reported. Under the operation ATALANTA, WFP has managed to deliver over 267. 000 metric tons of food to ports in Somalia. Given the increasing need for humanitarian assistance in Somalia, the EU operation contributes significantly to support for numerous victims of the Somali crisis (â€Å"Mission† 3). Moreover, operation ATALANTA protects vulnerable vessels in the Gulf of Aden and off the Somali cost. All shipping companies and operators that transit in this region have to register in advance of the website of the Maritime Security Center-Horn of Africa (MSC-HOA). This website facilitates the coordination of maritime traffic as it enables all vessels that observe EU NAVFOR recommendations to be aware of the arrangements taken. MSC-HOA also identifies particularly vulnerable vessels and provides them with close military protection, either from EU NAVOR, or other forces in the region (â€Å"Mschoa† 1). These arrangements significantly reduce the risks of pirate attacks or

Cap task#3c Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words - 1

Cap task#3c - Term Paper Example It is therefore very important for the hospital management to consider introduction of an image segmentation facility to help with early warning of breast cancer, because this is literary the key to improve breast cancer diagnosis in the hospital. Image segmentation use contours or the region they are position on to find the features of an image. One of the most common screening methods used by radiologists in analysis of the mammograms is X-ray mammography. This technique is very importance in detection of the presence or absence of lesions from the mammograms (Stems, 1996). It is, however, becomes extremely difficult to detect breast cancer during its early stages because its presence is especially restrained and unsteady. As such, if only experiences are diagnosed, radiologists and doctors can easily fail to detect the presence of abnormality. Having said that, the doctors and radiologists can rely on computer aided screening technology to get a more effective and reliable diagnosis (Sheng, Hong and Enmin, 2011). The aim of having such a computer aided imaging technique is to ensure an accurate segmentation of medical images. This process involves use of different criteria to segment different areas of an image (Chang and Teng, 2007). Use of mammography images in breast cancer image segmentation is a tasking procedure tho ugh its accuracy is essential for screening of tumors as well as classification of tissue for early discovery of breast abnormalities. Although it is not perfect, mammography imaging is recommended for this project because of it is essentially the most efficient imaging method (Guido and Nico, 1999). For women without symptoms, Mammography imaging is believed to detect between 80% and 90% of the breast cancer. A precise image segmentation of the mammography images is very crucial for a computer aided equipment to perform accurate diagnosis. The type of the equipment used is one of

Globalization and Feminism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Globalization and Feminism - Essay Example The effects of globalization on the theories of feminism establish the relationship between the capital and gender, exploitation of the women workforce. Feminism has played a significant role in the process of globalization and economic progress all over the world. From the perspective of feminism, the phenomenon of globalization has led to the discrimination of gender in terms of control over capital and resources (Hawkesworth, 2006, p.37). The male sections of the society has dominated and gained control over the majority of resources, opportunities of livelihood and employment. There are, however, instances where the women have been able to grab the opportunities in the course of economic progress, a major section of the women labour force have lost control over their work in the process of globalization. Women have obtained job opportunities in the skilled areas of Information Technology, Computer software, etc, the semi and unskilled women labours, agricultural workers have lost their occupation to the forces of globalization. Discussion: globalization and feminism The theories of feminism are based primarily on two basic assumptions. ... On one side, when the increase in participation of women in the labour force have created job opportunities and provided a means of livelihood and independence to women, the women on the other hand has also been subjected to discrimination and humiliation. The women in the Middle-East are hired as working maids for the families in order to support the homemakers of the family. Thus the engagement of a woman labour for the help of another woman is an act of exploitation (Sarkar, 2007, p.5). The rise in the income level of the families due to the phenomenon of globalization has provided jobs to the women section of the society and at the same time increased their possibility of exploitation apart from providing them economic freedom. Globalization has produced new discourse in various field of occupation. The involvement of several sections of the society has produced new instances in the field of politics. The feminists believe that the phenomenon of globalization has not been able to produce a condition of equality among the men and the women. There have been various landmark initiatives in the political course of action like the increase in the number of women representatives in the parliament, activities for ensuring women rights, education and livelihood for women, etc. Although the economic and political scenario has changed in the process of globalization, the exploitation and the discrimination towards women have not changed to a great deal (Beneria, 2003, p.47). The process of globalization is challenged by the various political and social resistances. The cultural and religious roots of the society could not easily be transformed and the spread of economic activities as globalization

Applied Linguistics - 1 Essay Example for Free

Applied Linguistics 1 Essay Language in literature is used to create alternatives to the real world. In doing so, the precise choice and ordering of words is very important. It not only creates a substitute world for us but also determines our attitude to its inhabitants and the events that take place there. This dependence upon precise wording is why a literary text loses so much in paraphrase or translation. However, despite this importance of precise wording, the meanings of literary works are often disturbingly imprecise. Apparently, the linguistics choices in literature are not the concern of applied linguistics. It does not have the same kind of direct social and economic consequences as language education policy, or the spread of English as lingua franca. Yet, it is wrong to decrease the value of the impact and importance of literature. It reflects our individual and social identities, embodies and criticizes the values of the society from which it comes, and it also has an important role to play in education. And because it is made fully from language, it has something to do applied linguistics. Literary stylistics :- Linguistic analysis can describe and analyze the language of a literary text but this is not an applied linguistic activity. However, It begins to move in that direction when linguistic choices are linked to their effects upon the reader. This is the attempt of literary stylistics. It is not in itself applied linguistics as it does not involve any practical decision making, but it is an important resource for the powerful and persuasive uses of language in general. It raises awareness of the importance of precise wording in addition to showing that there are more things in language use than the literal meaning of the words. Literary analysis cannot be brief in order to attain justice to its complex subject-matter. Stylistic analyses tend to highlight three related aspects of literary language: its deviation from the norms of everyday language use; its patterning of linguistic units to create rhythms, rhymes, and parallel constructions; and the ways in which the form of the words chosen seems to  intensify the meaning. These features of language use are not exclusive to literature. They characterize other highly valued uses of language such as prayer, song, and rhetoric. Generally, these features and other similar ones occur in emotive uses of language in society at large, whether in commercial, political, or interpersonal communication. Stylistic analyses can investigate the link between the forms of these language uses and their social and psychological power. If such analysis is used to discuss and reveal manipulation, it then becomes part of an applied linguistic process. Language and persuasion :- As language is used to tell the truth, it can also be used to distort facts, or to persuade people to take a particular stance towards them. Literary language partakes of this persuasive power. It manipulates our feelings and thoughts in ways which we accept happily. Other uses of language are unacceptable, seeking to control and influence our ideas in the service of some political or commercial interest. There are a big number of urgent issues in which language is used for manipulation such as; advertising, science, journals, even telephone operators speak from learned scripts. Applied linguistics should help understanding such issues. This is not only because the power of words is naturally interesting, but also because there are decisions to be made, often with far-reaching consequences for health, welfare, and success. Understanding linguistic techniques of persuasion can improve our ability to make rational judgments on which decisions making depends. Critical Discourse Analysis ( CDA ) :-  In fact, in any communication, there is selection and omission of information. For example, newspaper editors must choose which events to cover, how much space to give to each, and which facts to emphasize or omit. However, one cannot report any event or situation without selecting some facts in preference to others. But the selection reflects the values of the writer and the view of the world which he or she wishes to encourage in their readers. These matters are already apparent to the reader even without any specialize knowledge of language. What is more importance and interest to applied linguists is the presentation of the same facts in ways which, although telling the truth, affect the reader’s attitude. In literary texts, the wording is everything. For example, in the opening scenes of Macbeth, lady Macbeth says â€Å"what’s done is done†, and at the end in her lament she says â€Å"what’s done cannot be undone†. The literal meaning might be the same, but the effect is very different. The analysis of such details can be made to increase the people’s ability to read and listen critically, and to resist being manipulated by what is said. The analysis of such language and its effects is known as critical linguistics. When it is studied in a larger social context, it comes to be known as Critical Discourse Analysis ( CDA ). Another area of interest to applied linguistics is patterns of grammatical choice. For example, there are constructions which allow a speaker or writer not to mention the agent. Two strategies allow this to happen. One is passivization, the favoring of passive constructions over active ones. The other is nominalization, when actions and processes are referred to by nouns without mentioning the actual doers. The techniques can make an action seem certain and impersonal. The work of CDA specialists is of great social importance. Yet, they have the challenge of communicating their specialized knowledge to the outside world. To do this, they have to move in two opposite directions: one towards obfuscation and the other towards a false clarity. Obfuscation is the failure to speak as clearly as possible. The language of law and bureaucracy are often used as examples. It is claimed that in this case clarity should be sacrificed to exactness. The other direction is described as conversationalization and the creation of synthetic personality. This is the tendency for communication to be presented in the form of a casual conversation in which the relationship between the participants is apparently equal and intimate. This presents the opposite danger from obfuscation, for it may make matters simple and imprecise. There is a problem with CDA analyses which has been noted by several applied linguists. They focus their attention too much with the writer while deal too much passively with the reader. Most texts are both formed and interpreted in many different ways. The process of composition is often more hasty and specific purpose affair. Readings also are different. In short, there is a danger of assuming that understanding a text is fully determined by the language used.

Sunshine and Sunset Laws Essay Example for Free

Sunshine and Sunset Laws Essay Sunshine laws created by different states are based on the Sunshine Act passed by Congress in 1976. In the United States, for the first time, the Sunshine Act requires that â€Å"multi-headed federal agencies† or those agencies that are headed by a committee instead of an individual such as the Securities and Exchange Commission hold their meetings regularly in public (Bardes et al., 2011, p. 423). As the term implies, the government wants more transparency, as well as, give interested parties the opportunities to observe or participate if possible. Moreover, these agencies are also required to provide public notice of these meetings in advance to allow people to take note of the agenda and be able to prepare questions if they have any. According to the Act, the term â€Å"meetings† encompass any formal or informal gathering of agency members and this includes even conference calls (Bardes, et al., 2011). The only exceptions to this rule of openness are meetings pertaining to court cases and personnel issues, among others. Currently, sunshine laws exist at all levels of government in practically every state. Nevertheless, each state has its own version of sunshine laws. For example, in California, open meetings must be held within the boundaries of the jurisdiction of the organization (BoardSource, 2010). In Virginia, there are about 20 exceptions to sunshine laws. In Colorado, electronic mail, if used to discuss public concerns, also constitutes as a meeting (BoardSource, 2010). It must be noted that states such a Florida and Utah have had sunshine laws even before the passing of the Sunshine Act (McLendon Hearn, 2006). The purpose of sunshine laws is to promote public access to information especially when it comes to decision-making processes that the government takes. Sunshine laws also aim to improve these decision-making processes by allowing public access (ACUS, n.d.). Among the most important policies that sunshine laws highlight are (i) expanding upon the democratic tradition of the United States; (ii) providing a check on governmental power; (iii) making government officials more accountable to  citizens; (iii) ensuring that information and the authorities that bring it â€Å"remain diffused and broadly accessible by different interests within society† (McLendon Hearn, 2006, p. 646). To note, sunshine laws ensure that the investing public are kept abreast of what’s happening among the agencies that function because of the taxes they are paying. Sunset Law Meanwhile, a sunset law is a statute or provision within a statute that requires periodic reviews of the justification for the continued existence of that specific law, â€Å"administrative agency, or other governmental function† (Hall, Clark, Ely, Grossman Hull, 2002, p. 770). This means that there are certain agencies, for instance, that will not be in existence forever. It is necessary to put a termination date for certain committees, for instance, since they need to be funded and once their works are over there is no more sense in keeping them. Occasionally, Congress identifies an end date when it establishes federal agencies or programs. In the event that an affirmative decision is not made for the continuance of an agency or program, then the â€Å"sun sets† on them and then they become automatically terminated (Hall, et al., 2002, p. 770). The purpose of sunset laws is to solve the problem of â€Å"legal obsolescence† which is a term used to describe the â€Å"reduced usefulness or applicability of a statute, regulation, or agency† (Hall, et al., p. 770). Sunset policies are unique in the sense that they mandate expiration of regulations and agencies on a specified date unless it is determined by legislature that the regulation or agency continues to be useful. The underlying rationale here is that a well-run agency or still-useful regulation will have no trouble getting renewed. States started adopting sunset laws between the late 1970 and early 1980 (Hall, et al., 2002). It is important to note that although Congress passed the Sunset Act of 1977 in the aftermath of the Watergate scandal, it was never signed into law (Hall, et al., 2002). Sunset laws bring transparency and accountability because there are multiple reasons why laws become obsolete and therefore no longer useful for citizens. Among these reasons are (i) laws are created as  response to specific problems or crises; (ii) specific problems with laws may not manifest themselves for decades; and (iii) certain laws become obsolete in the face of international competition and rapid technological advancements. (Hall, et al., 2002). Because some laws have funding components, or are administered by the same entities for years, sunset laws enhance transparency and accountability. In conclusion, both sunset and sunshine laws are created so that the publics various rights in a democratic society are promoted. The sunshine laws promote greater public participation in government matters while sunset laws ensure that government funds are not squandered in committees or agencies that do not serve any purpose. References Administrative Conference of the United States. (n.d.). Government in the Sunshine Act. Retrieved on August 17, 2012 from http://www.acus.gov/research/the-conference- current-projects/government-in-the-sunshine-act/ Bardes, B., Shelley, M.C. Schmidt, S.W. (2011). American Government and politics today: The essentials. Independence: BoardSource. (2010). The handbook of nonprofit governance. New York: John Wiley Sons. Hall, K., Clark, D.S., Ely, J.W., Grossman, J.B. Hull, N.E.H. (2002). The Oxford Companion to American Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press. McLendon, M. K., Hearn, J. C. (2006). Mandated openness in public higher education: A field study of state sunshine laws and institutional governance. Journal of Higher Education, 77(4), 645-683.

Impact of Just in Time in Manufacturing

Impact of Just in Time in Manufacturing CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Introduction to the Problem Statement of the Problem: It had been proved from time and again the positive impact of Just in Time in manufacturing. No models or methodologies have been developed to relate how predictive maintenance can have a significant effect on the performance of JIT in manufacturing and its supply chains. In early 1950s Toyota devised their manufacturing system called Toyota production system which streamlines the entire process of manufacturing in an organized way through continuous information sharing between supplier and customer to achieve just- in- time production. Just-in-time is one of the major pillars of Toyota production system. Implementation of lean principles gave way for various strategic advantages in manufacturing. (Lathin, 2001) stated that using lean principles, a traditional mass producer could expect a reduction of 90% in inventory, cost in quality, lead time and 50% increase in labor productivity. (Nystuen, 2002) stated that one could see a reduction of 90% in travel time, 82% in inventory and 11% in product lead time. After the success of Toyota production system,  Ã‚   although this production system revolutionized the entire process of manufacturing in Japan, it did not reflect the west. This is due to many reasons such as traditionally minded management (Gup ta and Jain, 2013), lack of machine capability, high inventory, fluctuating markets (Golhar, Stamm, and Smith, 1990), high product variety (Cusumano, 1994) and lack of communication between processes. One of the biggest key suspects understands machine capability. This can be achieved by filling the gap between machine capability information and production planning. To achieve this system, there are 2 key elements; Real- time machine data and data processing. P.ODonovan, K. Leahy, K. Bruton and D.T.J. OSullivan (2015) presented a concept called smart manufacturing where manufacturing data can be used create positive impact on the manufacturing operations The first industrial revolution began in early 1800s through mechanical production using steam and water. Since then, there has been two other industrial revolutions through assembly line production for mass production, increase quality, reduce cost and manufacturing time; and using technology and IT systems. Currently the manufacturing industry is in the midst of data driven revolution transforming traditional manufacturing facilities into smart manufacturing facilities (Peter ODonovan, Kevin Leahy, Ken Bruton and Dominic T. J. OSullivan, 2015). Many industry Pundits today believe; we are currently undergoing fourth industrial revolution through internet technology in manufacturing. Machine reliability has always played an important role for manufacturing. Over time machines have become smarter and are capable of collecting their performance as feedback. It has always been a challenge to fix the machines during downtime and machines technicians are also required to keep themselves updated on latest technologies. (Jay Lee, Hung-An Kao, Shanhu Yang, 2014) suggested that machines could be connected together in a cyber-workspace where, machine data could be collected and later analyzed using predictive tools for machine predictability. Connecting the machines through cyberspace enables managers to monitor every machines performance remotely without visiting every machine during the day. Significance of the Research Research Questions and Objectives Implementation of predictive maintenance has been a buzzword for some time in Internet of Things (IoT) neighborhood. In the recent years, many companies have been implementing predictive maintenance activities it to their advantage in order to achieve machine failure free environment. There has been a lot of case studies published in the recent times on implementation of predictive maintenance activities with results closer to machine failure free operation. Most of research in predictive maintenance in recent times have focused on different methodologies and algorithms implemented in data mining, classification and prediction in order to achieve failure free operation. In the course of literature review it was found that, there has been a lack of research in studying the effect of implementation of predictive maintenance activities throughout manufacturing supply chains. This research study is conducted to answer some of the questions in an industry environment such as (1) What was effect in product flow by implementing predictive maintenance activities? (2) How were the supply chains impacted by the implementation of predictive maintenance activity (3) Was there any effect on the performance of Just-in-time manufacturing? (4) If so, what factors were affected and by how much? (5) Can a model estimate the effect on the performance of Just-in-time in manufacturing before the implementation of predictive maintenance activity? This research study is conducted to answer these questions by collecting and mining data from current manufacturing setup and its supply chains, applying new methods to analyze it and use traditional regression models to predict the performance change in Just-in-time in manufacturing.   The objectives in this research includes The development of a methodology for measuring performance variance in Just-in-time for an industry environment and throughout its supply chains by implementing Predictive maintenance activity. The identification of Just-in-time performance measurement factors that would have significant effect in predicting the performance before implementation of predictive maintenance activity The creation, verification and validation of a model that could estimate the performance variance in Just-in-time for future implementations throughout the supply chain CHAPTER II Literature review Overview JIT in Manufacturing Machine Maintenance All actions appropriate for retaining an item/part/equipment in, or restoring it to, a given condition is known as maintenance (Dhillion, 2002). Each year US manufacturing industry spends about $300 billion on plan maintenance and operations. It is also estimated that approximately 80% of the industry budget goes towards correcting chronic failures of machines, systems and peoples (Latino, 1999). There are 2 types of machine maintenance and are classified as follows. Planned maintenance is generally classified as preventive (PM) and corrective maintenance, while breakdown maintenance is considered as unplanned. Preventive maintenance can be further subdivided into fixed maintenance and predictive maintenance. (Mansor, Ohsato, Sulaiman, 2012). Unplanned Downtime The unscheduled maintenance or repair to return items/equipment to a defined state and carried out because maintenance persons or users perceived deficiencies or failures is known as corrective maintenance (Dhillion, 2002). Planned Downtime There are many definitions to preventive maintenance. All actions carried out on a planned, periodic, and specific schedule to keep an item/equipment in stated working condition through the process of checking and reconditioning is known as preventive maintenance (Dhillion, 2002). In the recent years, PM has been one of the most sought techniques in industries across different areas. One of the main objectives of PM is to keep the machine in running condition through standard inspection methods and correction methods at early deficiency stages. Performing PM activities has some of the advantages such as increasing equipment availability, reduction of overtime, reduction in inventory, improve safety, improve quality, reduces time and cost (Levitt, 1997). Some of the disadvantages of PM are it increases initial cost, damaging equipment, reduces life of parts and using more number of newer parts (Patton, 1983). Fixed maintenance Predictive maintenance Similar to preventive maintenance, predictive maintenance have several definitions. To some workers, predictive maintenance is monitoring the vibration of rotating machinery in an attempt to detect incipient problems and to prevent catastrophic failure or it is monitoring the infrared image of electrical switchgear, motors or other electrical equipment to detect developing problem (Mobley, 2002). According to Dhillion (2002), predictive maintenance is a method of using modern measurement and signal processing methods to accurately diagnose item/ equipment condition during operation. It would not be wrong to say, Predictive maintenance is a complement of preventive maintenance which uses various testing and measuring methods to monitor the equipment status and predict the machine failures. According to Mobley (2002), there are five nondestructive techniques used for predictive maintenance management: vibration monitoring, process parameter monitoring, thermography, tribology, and visual inspection. Predictive maintenance not just limited to manufacturing sectors used various other industry such as water and wastewater utility solutions (Severn Trent Services), Transportation railway (Finnish railway VR Group), Power grids (Israel Electric corporation), Oil and gas industry, wind power (Roland Berger Strategy Consultants, 2014), Airline industry (IBM, 2014), Biotech industry (Cypress Envirosystems, 2008) and many more. Some of the case studies related to manufacturing would be discussed in later part of this report. Case Studies KALYPSO: Predictive analytics and Improved Product design with machine learning Daimler: Automotive manufacturer increases productivity for cylinder-head production by 25 percent IBM Asset Analytics for Manufacturing Equipment in Automotive Israel Electric Corporation moves towards smarter maintenance Fluke Corporation: White Paper: Thermography Roland Berger: Oil and gas Reducing breakdowns and increasing production of highly critical assets Roland Berger: Wind Power Reducing maintenance costs and improving uptime in a challenging operational environment ABB Group: Predictive Maintenance for Heavy Industry Data collection, Data mining and Predictive maintenance methodologies Data Collection Sensor data Historical data Data mining Techniques Signal Processing and Feature Extraction Principle Component Analysis (PCA) based fault detection Predictive Maintenance methodologies Health Assessment Self-organizing map (SOM) Performance Prediction Health Diagnosis Self-organizing map (SOM) References Latino, C.J., Hidden Treasure: Eliminating Chronic Failures Can Cut Maintenance Costs up to 60%, Report, Reliability Center, Hopewell, Virginia, 1999 M.A. Mansor, A. Ohsato and S. Sulaiman, KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT FOR MAINTENANCE ACTIVITIES IN THE MANUFACTURING SECTOR, International Journal of Automotive and Mechanical Engineering, SSN: 2229-8649 (Print); ISSN: 2180-1606 (Online); Volume 5, pp. 612-621, January-June 2012 Levitt, J., Managing preventive maintenance, Maintenance technology, February 1997, 20-30. Mobley, R Keith, An Introduction to predictive maintenance, 2002, 2nd ed, ISBN 0-7506-7531-4